Methods and devices to treat diseased or injured musculoskeletal tissue

ABSTRACT

A knotless suture anchoring system includes an outer anchor having a central channel and a distal tip adapted to penetrate tissue. An inner anchor is positionable in the central channel of the outer anchor and a locking feature on one or both of the inner and outer anchors retains the inner anchor within the central channel. A continuous length of suture is coupled with the inner and outer suture anchors and has a free end. At least one of the inner and the outer anchors also has a cinching mechanism that allows the suture to be tensioned by passage of the suture through the cinching mechanism in a first direction while movement of the suture through the cinching mechanism in a second direction opposite the first direction is constrained.

CROSS-REFERENCE

The present application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/776,177, which is a non-provisional of, and claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/177,602, filed May 12, 2009,the entire contents of which are incorporate herein by reference.

The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/605,065, filed Oct. 23, 2009, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to medical devices, systems and methods,and more specifically to methods, systems and devices used for knotlesssuturing of tissue.

Soft tissue such as tendons, ligaments and cartilage are generallyattached to bone by small collagenous fibers which are strong, but whichnevertheless still can tear due to wear or disease. Examples ofmusculoskeletal disease include a torn rotator cuff as well as a tornlabrum in the acetabular rim of a hip joint or the glenoid rim in ashoulder joint.

Thus, treatment of musculoskeletal disease may involve reattachment oftorn ligaments or tendons to bone. This may require the placement ofdevices such as suture anchors within bone. A suture anchor is a devicewhich allows a suture to be attached to tissue such as bone. Sutureanchors may include screws or other tubular fasteners which are insertedinto the bone and become anchored in place. After insertion of theanchor, the tissue to be repaired is captured by a suture, the suture isattached to the anchor (if not already preattached), tension isadjusted, and then the suture is knotted so that the tissue is securedin a desired position. Frequently two or more anchors and multiplelengths of suture are required. This process can be time consuming anddifficult to undertake in the tight space encountered during endoscopicsurgery and sometimes even in conventional open surgery. Recently,knotless suture anchors having suture clamping mechanisms have beendeveloped to eliminate the need to tie knots but they still can bedifficult or awkward to use. Thus, it would be desirable to provideimproved knotless suture anchors that are easier to use and also thatmay take up less space during deployment and that are easier to deploy.

In particular, treating musculoskeletal disease in a hip joint can beespecially challenging. The hip joint is a deep joint surrounded by ablanket of ligaments and tendons that cover the joint, forming a sealedcapsule. The capsule is very tight thereby making it difficult toadvance surgical instruments past the capsule into the joint space.Also, because the hip joint is a deep joint, delivery of surgicalinstruments far into the joint space while still allowing control of theworking portions of the instrument from outside the body can bechallenging. Additionally, the working space in the joint itself is verysmall and thus there is little room for repairing the joint, such aswhen reattaching a torn labrum to the acetabular rim. Moreover, whentreating a torn labrum, the suture anchor must be small enough to beinserted into the healthy rim of bone with adequate purchase, and theanchor also must be short enough so that it does not protrude throughthe bone into the articular surface of the joint (e.g. the acetabulum).Existing anchors can be too large. Thus, it would be desirable toprovide suture anchors that have a small diameter and length.

Additionally, in most surgical procedures, a pilot hole is drilled atthe implantation site prior to screwing in the suture anchor. In othercases a self-tapping device tip is used to screw in the device without apilot hole. Alternatively, ultrasonic energy has been proposed inembedding bone anchors in bony tissue without pre-drilling a pilot hole.These methods of implanting a device in bone tissue, while commonly usedin surgery today, are not optimal. Pre-drilling a pilot hole prior toplacing the device requires the surgeon to exchange tools through thecannula and to locate the pilot hole after introducing the implant inthe arthroscopic field. Self-tapping devices are limited to use at siteswith the appropriate thickness of cortical bone. Ultrasonic energy baseddevices are susceptible to large energy losses with minor changes indevice configuration, and rely on ultrasonic energy sources which can beexpensive. Therefore, there is a need for improved devices, systems andmethods which overcome some of the aforementioned challenges.

In addition, current arthroscopic devices are limited in that theygenerally approach a surgical site in a longitudinal manner. If it isnecessary to implant a bone anchor at an angle, which is often the case,the current devices do not fully address the need for an off axisapproach. Furthermore, there is a need for anchors to be compatible witha device that implants the anchors at an angle off of the longitudinalaxis of the shaft of the driving device. At least some of theseobjectives will be met by the inventions described hereinbelow.

2. Description of the Background Art

Patents disclosing suture anchoring devices and related technologiesinclude U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,390,329; 7,309,337; 7,144,415; 7,083,638;6,986,781; 6,855,157; 6,770,076; 6,656,183; 6,066,160; 6,045,574;5,810,848; 5,728,136; 5,702,397; 5,683,419; 5,647,874; 5,630,824;5,601,557; 5,584,835; 5,569,306; 5,520,700; 5,486,197; 5,464,427;5,417,691; and 5,383,905. Patent publications disclosing such devicesinclude U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2009/0069845 and 2008/0188854 andPCT Publication No. 2008/054814.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides devices, systems and method for knotlesssuturing of tissue. Exemplary procedures where knotless suturing may beadvantageous include repair of torn rotator cuffs, as well as a tornlabrum in the acetabular rim of a hip joint or the glenoid rim in ashoulder joint.

In a first aspect of the present invention a knotless suture anchoringsystem comprises an outer anchor having a central channel and a distaltip adapted to penetrate tissue and an inner anchor positionable in thecentral channel of the outer anchor. The system also includes a lockingfeature on one or both of the inner and outer anchors and that isconfigured to retain the inner anchor within the central channel. Acontinuous length of suture is coupled with the inner and outer anchorsand the suture has a free end. At least one of the inner and outeranchors further comprises a cinching mechanism that is adapted to allowthe suture to be tensioned by passage of the suture through the cinchingmechanism in a first direction while movement of the suture through thecinching mechanism in a second direction opposite the first direction isconstrained.

In another aspect of the present invention, a knotless suture anchoringsystem comprises an outer anchor having a central channel and a distaltip adapted to penetrate tissue. An inner anchor is positionable in thecentral channel of the outer anchor and has a distal tip that is adaptedto penetrate and be retained in tissue outside the outer anchor wherebythe inner anchor may be positioned either in the outer anchor or intissue apart from the outer anchor. The system also includes a lockingfeature on one or both of the inner and outer anchors that is configuredto retain the inner anchor within the central channel and a continuouslength of suture coupled with the inner and outer anchors. The suturehas a free end. At least one of the inner and outer anchors furthercomprises a clamping mechanism adapted to clamp the suture under tensionwithout knotting the suture.

Sometimes the central channel extends only partially through the outeranchor and the locking feature may comprise an annular recessed regionin the central channel of the outer anchor. The outer anchor maycomprise an outer surface having surface features that are adapted toanchor the outer anchor with the tissue or to promote tissue ingrowth.

The inner anchor locking feature may comprise a plurality of resilientfingers extending radially outward from the inner anchor. The clampingmechanism may comprise a cinching mechanism adapted to allow the sutureto be tensioned by passage of the suture through the cinching mechanismin a first direction while movement of the suture through the cinchingmechanism in a second direction opposite the first direction isconstrained. The cinching mechanism may comprise a deflectable armcoupled to either the inner or the outer anchor. Additionally, thecinching mechanism often may be operative regardless of the position ofthe inner anchor relative to the outer anchor. The deflectable arm maybe integral with either the inner or the outer anchor and thedeflectable arm may be disposed in an aperture within either the inneror the outer anchor. The aperture may be in an axial channel extendingat least partially through the inner anchor. The deflectable arm maymove in a first radial direction when the suture is pulled in the firstdirection and the arm may move in a second radial direction when thesuture is pulled in the second direction. The suture may be clampedbetween the arm and a wall of the aperture when the suture is pulled inthe second direction. The arm may be resilient so as to return to anunbiased position after moving in either the first or the second radialdirections. The arm may deflect radially inward when the suture ispulled in the second direction to clamp the suture between the arm andan opposing wall of the aperture, thereby constraining movement of thesuture in the second direction.

The system may also comprise a delivery instrument having a longitudinalaxis, and the delivery instrument may be adapted to carry both the inneranchor and the outer anchor simultaneously. The delivery instrumentoften may have an axial lumen, the inner and the outer anchors beingreleasably carried in the axial lumen. The delivery instrument maycomprise a steering mechanism that is adapted to deflect a distalportion of the instrument. Also the delivery instrument may comprise asuture management feature that is adapted to releasably hold the lengthof suture and prevent tangling thereof. In some embodiments, thedelivery instrument may be configured to receive a drill which isadapted to create an aperture in the tissue sized to receive the inneror the outer anchor. In still other embodiments, the delivery instrumentmay be adapted to deliver the inner anchor and the outer anchor at anangle transverse to the longitudinal axis of the delivery instrument.The delivery instrument may have a hammer element that is coupled withthe delivery instrument and that is adapted to convert axial movementalong the longitudinal axis of the delivery instrument into an impactingforce transverse to the longitudinal axis of the delivery instrument.Each of the inner and the outer anchors have a longitudinal axis and thedelivery instrument may carry the inner and the outer anchors such thatthe longitudinal axis of both anchors is transverse to the longitudinalaxis of the delivery instrument.

The central channel of the outer anchor may be disposed at an angletransverse to a longitudinal axis of the outer anchor. Thus, the inneranchor may be disposed at an angle transverse to the longitudinal axisof the outer anchor when received in the central channel.

The delivery instrument may comprise a jaw having first opposable memberpivotably coupled with a second opposable member. The first opposablemember may carry the inner anchor and the second opposable member maycarry the outer anchor, and actuation of the jaw may insert the inneranchor into the outer anchor. The inner and the outer anchors may eachhave a longitudinal axis and the anchors may be carried by the opposablemembers such that the longitudinal axis of the anchors are transverse toa longitudinal axis of the opposable members.

In still another aspect of the present invention, a knotless sutureanchoring system comprises a first anchor having a housing with acentral channel sized to receive a suture therein. The system also has acinching mechanism with a radially deflectable arm integral with thehousing and disposed at least partially in the central channel. Thesuture passes through an opening in the arm and passes between a freeend of the arm and the housing. The cinching mechanism is adapted toallow the suture to pass through the cinching mechanism in a firstdirection while movement of the suture through the cinching mechanism ina second direction opposite the first direction is constrained.

The cinching mechanism may comprise a deflectable arm coupled to thefirst anchor. The deflectable arm may be integral with the first anchorand it may be disposed in an aperture within the first anchor. Theaperture may be in an axial channel extending at least partially throughthe first anchor. The arm may move in a first radial direction when thesuture is pulled in the first direction and the arm may move in a secondradial direction when the suture is pulled in the second direction. Thesuture may be clamped between the arm and a wall of the aperture whenthe suture is pulled in the second direction. The arm may be resilientso as to return to an unbiased position after moving in either the firstor the second radial directions. The arm may deflect radially inwardwhen the suture is pulled in the second direction to clamp the suturebetween the arm and an opposing wall of the aperture, therebyconstraining movement of the suture in the second direction.

The housing may comprise a distal tip adapted to penetrate tissue. Thehousing may also comprise an outer surface having surface featuresadapted to anchor the first anchor in the tissue or to promote tissueingrowth. The system may also include a second anchor having an innerchannel configured to receive the first anchor. The inner channel maycomprise a locking feature adapted to engage with the first anchor toretain the first anchor in the second anchor.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a knotless sutureanchoring system may comprise a pin having a distal tip adapted topenetrate tissue, an anchoring bracket and a length of suture. Thesuture is adapted to be coupled to the pin and the bracket. The bracketmay be L-shaped and may comprise a suture management feature adapted toreceive and hold the suture. The suture management feature may comprisea slit in the bracket. The bracket may also have an anchoring pin thatis adapted to penetrate the tissue thereby fixing the bracket to thetissue. The suture may be formed into a loop sized to capture tissue tobe repaired and the tissue to be repaired may comprise a torn labrum.The anchoring bracket or the pin may further comprise a cinchingmechanism adapted to allow the suture to be tensioned by passage of thesuture through the cinching mechanism in a first direction whilemovement of the suture through the cinching mechanism in a seconddirection opposite the first direction is constrained.

In another aspect of the present invention, a knotless suture anchoringsystem comprises a delivery instrument having a longitudinal axis, ashaft axially movable along the longitudinal axis, and a hammer adaptedto convert axial movement along the longitudinal axis into movementtransverse thereto. A first anchor is carried by the delivery instrumentand has a distal tip adapted to penetrate tissue. Axial movement of theslidable shaft along the longitudinal axis moves the hammer in a motiontransverse thereto, thereby impacting the anchor, whereby the firstanchor is driven into the tissue at an angle transverse to thelongitudinal axis of the delivery instrument.

In still another aspect of the present invention, a method of knotlesssuturing comprises providing a delivery instrument carrying a firstanchor and a second anchor, wherein a continuous length of suture iscoupled with the first and the second anchors. The delivery instrumentis advanced to a treatment region comprising treatment tissue and thefirst anchor is placed into a first region of the tissue. The suture iscoupled to a portion of the treatment tissue and the second anchor isattached to the first anchor. The suture is tensioned and securedwithout knotting the suture. The suture is secured by moving the suturethrough a cinching mechanism in the first or the second anchor, whereinthe cinching mechanism is adapted to allow the suture to move throughthe cinching mechanism in a first direction while movement of the suturethrough the cinching mechanism in a second direction opposite the firstdirection is constrained independently of the position of the secondanchor relative to the first anchor.

The second anchor may be stationary relative to the first anchor duringthe entire step of securing the suture. The tissue may comprise bone andthe step of placing the first anchor or the step of placing the secondanchor may comprise drilling a pilot hole into the bone. The pilot holemay be sized to receive the first or the second anchor. The method mayfurther comprise deflecting a distal portion of the delivery instrument.The first region of tissue may comprise the acetabulum and the treatmenttissue may comprise an acetabular labrum.

The step of attaching the second anchor to the first anchor may compriseinserting the second anchor into a central channel of the first anchorand locking the two anchors together to prevent axial movement of thefirst anchor relative to the second anchor. The delivery instrument mayfurther comprise an actuator mechanism near a proximal end of theinstrument and the step of placing the first anchor or the step ofplacing the second anchor comprises actuating the actuator mechanism toexpose the first or the second anchor from the delivery instrument. Thestep of securing may comprise clamping the suture between a deflectablearm and an inner wall of the first or the second anchor. The arm may beintegral with either the first or the second anchor.

The step of attaching may comprise placing the second anchor in acentral channel within the first anchor. The cinching mechanism may bedisposed in an inner channel of the second anchor. The deliveryinstrument has a longitudinal axis, and the step of placing the firstanchor may comprise placing the first anchor into the first region at anangle transverse to the longitudinal axis of the delivery instrument.The step of attaching the second anchor to the first anchor may compriseactuating a jaw disposed on the delivery instrument.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method of knotlesssuturing comprises providing an anchoring device having an anchoringbracket, a length of suture and a pin, wherein the suture is coupled tothe bracket and the pin. The bracket is anchored to a first tissueregion and tissue to be treated is captured with the suture. The pin issecured to a structure selected from the bracket and a second tissueregion and the suture is tensioned.

The step of anchoring the bracket may comprise inserting a pin coupledto the anchoring bracket into the first region. The step of capturingthe tissue to be treated may comprise looping the suture around saidtissue. The step of tensioning the suture may comprise passing thesuture through a cinching mechanism in the pin or in the anchoringbracket. The cinching mechanism is adapted to allow the suture to passthrough the cinching mechanism in a first direction while movement ofthe suture through the cinching mechanism in a second direction oppositethe first direction is constrained. Tensioning the suture may comprisesecuring the suture without knotting the suture.

These and other embodiments are described in further detail in thefollowing description related to the appended drawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates anatomy of the hip joint.

FIG. 2 is a top view of the hip joint.

FIG. 3 illustrates a torn labrum in a hip joint.

FIG. 4 illustrates reattachment of a labrum in a hip joint.

FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate use of a suture anchor in an acetabular rim.

FIG. 6 is a sectional view of an anchor loaded in the distal end of ananchor driver and placed through a shaft.

FIGS. 7A-7E show an exemplary embodiment of a device that drives twoanchors.

FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a device that drivestwo anchors through a single conduit.

FIG. 9A shows a malleable anchor.

FIG. 9B is a sectional view showing the delivery of a malleable anchor.

FIGS. 10A-10B show a multiple anchor system.

FIGS. 11A-11D show anchors with suture tensioning capabilities.

FIGS. 12A-12C show devices for temporary attachment of tissue to bone.

FIGS. 13A-13B show an anchor and suture tensioning system.

FIGS. 14A-14C show an anchor and suture tensioning and locking system.

FIGS. 15A-15D show a suture wedge lock system for securing sutures in ananchor system.

FIGS. 16A-16G show a suture locking anchor.

FIGS. 17A-17B show a suture locking mechanism.

FIG. 18 shows an additional suture locking mechanism.

FIGS. 19A-19B show an additional suture locking mechanism.

FIG. 20A shows an exemplary embodiment of a suture anchor.

FIG. 20B illustrates a suture locking mechanism.

FIG. 20C illustrates another embodiment of a suture anchor and lockingmechanism.

FIG. 21 shows a right angle driver for driving bone anchors.

FIG. 22 shows an angled driver for driving bone anchors.

FIGS. 23A-23B show an eccentrically mounted impact driver for drivingbone anchors.

FIG. 24 shows an inertia equalizing driver for driving bone anchors.

FIG. 25A-25B show alternative embodiments of a pressure driven impactorfor driving bone anchors.

FIGS. 26A-26O illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a suture anchorsystem having a cinching mechanism.

FIGS. 27A-27D illustrate another embodiment of a suture anchor system.

FIGS. 28A-28C illustrate still another embodiment of a suture anchorsystem.

FIGS. 29A-29E illustrate yet another embodiment of a suture anchorsystem.

FIG. 30 illustrates an embodiment of a suture anchor having two sutures.

FIG. 31 illustrates an embodiment of a suture anchor that accommodates apilot hole drill.

FIGS. 32A-32C illustrate another embodiment of a suture anchor system.

FIG. 33 illustrates another embodiment of a suture anchor system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Exemplary use of the devices, systems and methods of the presentinvention will be discussed primarily in terms of treatment of a hipjoint. However, one of skill in the art will appreciate that other areasof the body including joints such as the shoulder joint, the ankle,wrist and other joints may also be treated. Thus, the exemplary usagedescribed herein is not intended to be limiting. FIG. 1 illustrates thebasic anatomy of a hip joint. In FIG. 1 the hip joint is formed betweenthe head of the femur FH and the acetabulum A, a concave surface of thepelvis. A blanket of ligaments cover the joint forming a capsule C.Additionally the acetabular labrum L, a fibrocartilaginous lip,surrounds the head of the femur, deepens the joint pocket and increasesthe surface area of contact. The ligamentum teres LT is a ligamentattached to a depression in the acetabulum (the acetabular notch orfossa) and a depression on the femoral head (the fovea of the head).FIG. 2 is a top view of a hip joint highlighting the labrum L.

The labrum L can tear or separate from the acetabular rim due to wear ordisease and this can result in pain as well as loss of joint mobility.FIG. 3 illustrates a torn labrum 3002. Surgeons typically use suture andsuture anchors to reattach the labrum to the acetabular rim. FIG. 4illustrates how a suture anchor 3102 is used to anchor suture 3104 tothe acetabular rim A. The suture 3104 is looped around and captures thetorn labrum 3002 holding it against the bone until it heals andreattaches. The suture is either pre-attached to the anchor, or it isattached during the repair procedure. Suture length and tension is thenadjusted to ensure apposition of the damaged tissue with the substratetissue. Suture anchors are typically used instead of screws, pins,rivets or other fasteners due to the limited working space within thejoint.

Referring now to FIGS. 5A-5C, the size of the suture anchor can be veryimportant depending on the treatment zone. For example, when placing asuture anchor into the acetabular rim 3206 to repair the labrum L, theanchor width or diameter 3204 cannot exceed the width 3202 of theacetabular rim 3206. Moreover, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, the anchor width3204 must be small enough relative to the width of the acetabular rim3206 so that adequate purchase is obtained without comprising strengthof the rim 3206. Additionally, length of the anchor can also becritical. In FIG. 5B, the anchor 3204 is placed orthogonally into theacetabular rim and thus anchor may be as long as necessary to obtainadequate purchase in the bone without risk of extending into the jointsocket. However, it may be difficult to insert the anchor orthogonallyinto the acetabular rim due to the angle of approach, the narrow widthof the rim, or other reasons. In such cases, the anchor may be placed ata non-perpendicular angle relative to the rim surface, or it may beplaced into a lateral facet of the acetabulum. In such cases, if theanchor is either too long or the angle is too great as shown in FIG. 5C,the anchor may pass entirely through the bone and exit into the jointitself, here the acetabular socket A, potentially damaging the cartilageand interfering with joint motion. Thus, when repairing a torn labrum inan acetabular or glenoid rim, the anchor has a diameter usually lessthan 5 mm, preferably less than 4 mm, and more preferably 3.5 mm orless. The length must be long enough to gain adequate purchase in thebone while short enough to avoid penetration into the articular surface,preferably being at least about 5 mm and less than about 14 mm inlength.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an arthroscopic delivery instrument may be usedto deliver an implantable device, here a suture anchor, to a desiredanchor site. FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of a deliveryinstrument 103 having an tubular outer shaft 105 that is sized forendoscopic delivery into a joint space, such as the hip, shoulder,ankle, wrist, or other joint. A common cannula used in arthroscopy hasan inner diameter of approximately 5.5 mm and therefore the outer shaft105 should have a diameter small enough to freely move in the cannula,thus outer shaft 105 is preferably about 5.4 mm in diameter or less.Additionally, the shaft 105 is long enough to extend into the treatmentregion such as a joint space and thus is preferably at least about 16.5cm (6.5 inches) long. These dimensions may be applied to any of thedelivery instruments disclosed below.

The shaft 105 carries an inner impactor 102 and a suture anchor 101 isreleasably coupled with the impactor. The suture anchor 101 has apointed or sharpened distal tip in order to allow it to penetrate bone104 or other tissue. Once the suture anchor 101 has been delivered to adesired anchor site, the proximal end of the impactor 102 may be hitwith a hammer or other object in order to drive the anchor 101 into thebone 104. Alternatively, the impactor may be energized with other formsof energy, such as ultrasonic energy or other types of oscillating orvibrating energy in order to drive the anchor 101 into the bone 104. Theimpactor may drive the implant into bone at frequencies between 10 and20 kHz, preferably between 20 and 1000 Hz, more preferably between 30and 500 Hz. The amplitude at which the impactor is energized may be atamplitudes of 100 to 1000 microns, preferably 200 to 750 microns, morepreferably 300-500 microns. A suture (not illustrated) may be attachedto the anchor 101 by tying the suture to aperture 106, or the suture maybe attached using other techniques well known in the art includingcrimping or bonding

The embodiment of FIG. 6 allows a single suture anchor to be deployed ata time. In some situations, it may be desirable to deploy multiplesuture anchors simultaneously. The exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 7A-7Eshow the distal end of an endoscopic delivery instrument 200 that drivestwo anchors 201 a and 201 b into tissue independently or simultaneously.Any suture anchor disclosed herein may be used, and other anchorsdisclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/605,065, filed Oct. 23,2009, may also be used, the entire contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 7A, theendoscopic (or arthroscopic, or laparoscopic, etc.) device performsseveral functions. It comprises two arms 204 a and 204 b, each of whichholds an anchor 201 a, 201 b, with a suture (see FIG. 7D) or otherconnective material (see FIG. 7E) connecting the proximal ends of thetwo anchors. Once the device is in position, the arms capture the tissueT to be repaired and the anchors are driven through the tissue into thedesired bone B using impact drivers 205 operably coupled with the arms204 a, 204 b. The impact driver 205 is shown moving at a right angle orperpendicular to the arms, however it could also move translationallyalong the long axis of the grasper, or the anchor itself could becurved. This device is intended to be introduced through a cannula orsmall incision. To enable the device to pass through a cannula or smallincision and still have an appropriate separation between the twoanchors, the device may be fabricated so that the arms can be laterallyseparated, for example by hinging them apart. Such a device would beintroduced through the cannula with the arms close together, to reducethe overall width of the device. Then, once the device has beenintroduced into the body to the surgical site, the arms are separatedfrom each other, tensioning the suture between the anchors. The anchorscan then be driven into the tissue by closing the arms around thetissue, and then the anchors may be driven into the bone B either bydirect hammering or by impacting the anchors using impact drivers 205 asdescribed above. FIG. 7B illustrates the arms capturing the tissue T tobe repaired. In FIG. 7B, the arms 204 a, 204 b may comprise teeth orother surface features that allow the tissue T to be more securelygrasped. FIG. 7C illustrates the arms closed around the tissue T with ananchor 201 a or 201 b passing through the tissue T and being secured tothe bone. FIG. 7D illustrates an end view of FIG. 7C, showing the tissueT grasped between the arms 204 a, 204 b and the anchors 201 a, 201 bpenetrating the tissue T about to penetrate the bone B. A suture 203extends between the two anchors 201 a, 201 b. By having an anchor with acinchable/tensionable suture, the suture tension between the anchors maybe adjusted. FIG. 7E shows as alternate to having a suture connect theanchors. A connective member 206 is constructed that spans the gapbetween the two anchors and distributes the force generated by theanchors to the tissue T. This member may be flexible so that the twohalves of the grasper are movable with respect to one another. Multiplesets of anchors could be placed depending on the size of the repair.

There are numerous variations and elaborations on this approach, whichmay provide added benefits and enhance their applicability to a range ofdifferent clinical settings. For instance, each arm might additionallyhave a grasper near the end of each arm, which is configured to expandand grasp tissue (e.g. the rotator cuff). While holding the tissue, thedevice can then be repositioned (for example, repositioning the deviceover the humeral head to apply the appropriate tension to the rotatorcuff). Then the anchor can be driven through this tissue into anothertissue (such as the bone of the humeral head) to anchor the tissue. Thegrasper is then released. The grasper and arm may also have appropriateslots to allow the instrument to be removed while leaving the anchors inplace with a tight suture connecting them, approximating the tissue tothe bone with just the right amount of tension to allow rapid healing ofthe cuff to the bone.

The anchors may be driven parallel to the axis of the arms, or at aright angle to the axis of the instrument, or at a lesser angledepending on the angle necessary to drive into tissue and bone. Forinstance, a more linear arrangement may work well for labralreattachment in the shoulder and the hip, and a more right-angledarrangement might work better for reattaching the rotator cuff. The endconfiguration of the instrument may have the ability to articulate or beactively steered, to facilitate anchor placement while conforming to thevarious anatomies.

As described above, the suture between the two anchors might beappropriately tensioned simply by adjusting the initial separation ofthe jaws, and/or by the action of driving the anchors into the tissue.However, this system could also be combined with an anchor that has asuture lock mechanism so that the suture can be discretely tensionedafter the anchor has been placed. This feature might be particularlyuseful in a knotless rotator cuff repair system. It might alternativelybe preferable to have separate sutures on each of the anchors, whichcould then be tied together after the anchors are placed. Severalembodiments of a suture locking mechanism are disclosed below and theymay be combined with any of the anchor embodiments disclosed herein.

The distance between the anchors may be adjustable depending on theanatomy and amount of repair necessary. The distance can be variedthrough the grasper controls. One or more sets of anchors may be loadedon the device in a magazine fashion such that the anchors are loaded ina tubular magazine and advanced through the grasper. This wouldfacilitate a complete tissue repair procedure without removing theinstrument from the patient.

FIG. 8A illustrates another embodiment of a device for driving multipleanchors through a single conduit. This embodiment includes a deliveryinstrument 300 that is adapted to drive multiple anchors 301 a, 301 bthrough channel 302 of conduit 303. The means of driving one or moreanchors is separate from grasping tissue. FIG. 8A shows a cross sectionof the instrument with two anchors. A suture having ends 304 a, 304 bextends from each of the anchors. The sutures are preferablypre-connected to the two anchors, although they may be connected duringthe surgical procedure. The conduit 303 has two distinct lumens 305 a,305 b which are used to carry the anchors. A relief between the lumensallows for the passage of the suture from one anchor to the other ifnecessary. The two lumens 305 a, 305 b may be separate tubes containedwithin an external tube that holds all of the elements and allowspassage of the device through a cannula for use in arthroscopic ormini-open procedures, such as rotator cuff repair or labral repair inthe hip. The lumens and external tube may be steel or a high strengthpolymer or a combination of materials. The lumens may be round orrectangular in cross section depending on the cross section of theanchors. Impactors, or drivers 306 a, 306 b for the anchors are shownand may be independently or simultaneously driven from a pneumatic ormechanical driver body (not shown).

This embodiment is useful for positioning multiple anchorssimultaneously that are connected by suture or other means. Theinstrument may be used to re-attach the labrum in the shoulder or thehip or for other procedures. To accomplish this, a pair of anchors ispositioned adjacent to one another and driven through the labrum intothe bone below. A connection means between the anchors provides positivefixation of the labrum to the bony tissue below. The tissue grasperfeatures of the previous embodiment may also be used with thisembodiment. Thus, all of the features and permutations describedpreviously for tissue attachment may be applied to this embodiment aswell.

FIGS. 8B-8C illustrate how a multiple anchor system loaded with suturesmay be used. In this embodiment instrument 300 is first used to place afirst pair of anchors 307 a, 307 b through tissue T into underlying boneB. Sutures are fixed to anchors at positions 307 a and 307 b. Instrument300 is then used to place anchors 308 a, 308 b into bone B adjacenttissue T. The suture ends attached to anchors 308 a, 308 b are then tiedto sutures attached to anchors 307 a, 307 b. There may be one or moresutures attached to each of the anchors such that a crisscross patternmay be produced which creates good apposition of tissue T to bone B.

In another embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A-9B, a malleable, flexible, orshapeable anchor is disclosed. Multiple anchors 400 may be loaded into amain channel 407 of delivery instrument 402 in a stacked relationship. Aproximal land 405 on the anchor 400 engages a flexible internal drivingmember to drive the anchor into bone. A suture S or other connectionmeans is fixed to anchor 400 within anchor channel 401. An axial passage403 in delivery instrument 402 receives each length of suture S attachedto anchors 400. As the anchor is driven out of the rigid sheath intobony tissue the anchor changes from a curved to a straightenedconfiguration due to the malleable or flexible nature of the anchormaterial. The anchor may alternatively be made from discrete sectionsthat separate around the bend of the delivery tube and then interlock asthey exit the straight portion. In an exemplary embodiment the anchorconsists of rigid portions that are connected by articulating elementsalong the anchor. In another embodiment the anchor is constructed of ashape memory material and is forcibly restrained in a curvedconfiguration prior to deployment of the anchor. One of skill in the artwill appreciate that it is not necessary for the anchor to return to orassume a strictly straight shape. In still other embodiments, theanchors are fit together similar to pencil lead cartridges and driventogether as a train. Individual anchors are deployed as they exit theinstrument. FIG. 9B illustrates deployment of the anchor 400. Theanchors curve around from position A to exit at B. The anchors may exitas straight or may maintain a curve depending on the application and thebore at exit B.

In another embodiment, anchor systems are disclosed which delivermultiple anchors with proper suture tensioning and locking capabilities.FIG. 10A shows an anchor system 500 with a bone anchor 501 that acceptsa smaller anchor 502 passed through tissue for use e.g. in rotator cuffor labral repair in the shoulder or hip. The larger bone anchor has ahole 503 in it to receive the smaller anchor. The hole that accepts thesmaller anchor 502 may be along the longitudinal axis of the anchor 501or at an oblique or right angle (transverse to the longitudinal axis),depending on the desired configuration for the applicable procedure. Asuture 504 connects the two anchors.

FIG. 10B shows the system with the main anchor in the bone B and thesmaller anchor placed through an angled hole in the main anchor. Thesmaller anchor has been advanced through the tissue T and is smallenough to be pushed through tissue much like a needle so as to avoiddamaging the tissue. The smaller anchor is then placed in the largeranchor. In this figure the two are shown implanted into bone at anoblique angle relative to each other, thereby optimizing purchase in thebony tissue. A suture 504 is connected between the two anchors. Thesuture is then tensioned appropriately to provide approximation of thetissue to the bone. Once the appropriate tension in the suture has beenachieved the smaller anchor 502 is moved to a final position within thelarger anchor 501, and the suture is locked into position by clampingthe suture between the two anchors. Other knotless cinching mechanismsmay be used in either anchor as described below. Locking of smalleranchor 502 within larger anchor 501 may be achieved with detentmechanisms, a press fit or other means known in the art.

Another embodiment for anchors placed with suture tensioningcapabilities is shown in FIGS. 11A-11B. This design has a fixed anchorwith a slidable component that locks the suture in place aftertensioning appropriately. Anchor 601 has a moveable member 602 thatslides into a recess 604 in anchor 601 to lock a suture 603 in placeafter proper tension is achieved. FIG. 11A shows the mechanism in theunlocked position and in FIG. 11B the mechanism is locked. Moving thesliding component downward into recess 604 wedges the suture between thesliding component and the body of the anchor thereby locking the sutureinto position.

FIG. 11C shows an anchor system 650 where multiple anchors 601 areloaded on a suture with the initial anchor in the string having a fixedsuture. As the anchors are placed the suture is tensioned and locked.FIG. 11D shows a rotator cuff RC or other tissue being secured usingthis series of anchors. A series of anchors is placed as shown and asuture runs through all of the anchors. Once the anchors have beenplaced appropriately the suture may be locked one by one as the surgeonadjusts tension in the suture.

In another embodiment shown in FIGS. 12A-12C, a device for temporaryattachment of tissue to bone allows for locating and holding tissue,such as the rotator cuff, while permanent anchors are placed. This maybe necessary for determining how much tension should be applied to thetissue or the amount of tissue to be positioned by the suture prior topermanent placement.

FIGS. 12A-12C show a temporary anchor 701. The temporary anchor may beextremely small, less than 1.5 mm, so that a more permanent anchor of1.5 mm or greater may be placed in the same hole as the temporary anchoror adjacent the temporary anchor. The temporary anchor may have a flangeor tab 704 that extends outside the bone so that it can be easilyremoved using a set of graspers or hook and then the permanent anchorplaced. The temporary anchor includes a pre-loaded suture 702 that runsfreely through a U-shaped passage 705 in the anchor, and a removablestake 703 that slides through an axial channel 706 to engage suture 702in passage 705 to secure the suture in place after appropriatetensioning. FIGS. 12A and 12B show a simple suture and stake placement.FIG. 12C shows a cross section of the device with the stake compressingand securing the suture in place. The stake may be a press fit into theanchor body or housing, compressing or wedging the suture against thebody, or the stake may have ribbed features to create a locking meansagainst the suture and shell. After forcing the stake into the body, theexposed end of the stake also may be used to remove the assembly fromthe bone.

In another embodiment, FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B show an anchor and suturetensioning system 800 for approximating tissue. FIG. 13A shows an anchorsystem that is driven through tissue (such as the rotator cuff) into theunderlying bone. The device also has a suture 803 attached with thesmall pad 802 attached to the end of the suture. In this embodiment theanchor 801 is placed through tissue T into bone B with a large surfacearea pad 802 remaining on the tissue attached to a tensioning suture803. The small pad resides on the top of the cuff of tissue while thesuture pulls the pad down towards the anchor, compressing the tissueagainst the bone. FIG. 13B shows a representation of this embodimentwhere the anchor is shown embedded in bone B and the suture extendsthrough the tissue T to the pad positioned on the surface of the cuff.This system may also comprise a suture tensioning/locking, clamping, orcinching mechanism, such as those disclosed hereinbelow. The suturetensioning element could be located in either the anchor or in the pad.

FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate a penetrating bone anchor 900 with suturetensioning and locking capability. Anchor 900 has an outer tubularmember 908 which receives a penetrating anchor member 903. Referring toFIG. 14A, a pair of radially deflectable fingers 901 which areillustrated deformed radially inward 902, are integrally attached toouter tubular member 908. In FIG. 14B the penetrating anchor member 903is shown having a stem 904 with a hole 905 to accept a suture 906 orwire. FIG. 14C is a cross section of the assembly showing a suture 906loaded through the anchor member. As a driver 907 is forced down intothe outer member 908, the driver deforms the fingers 901 inward to clampthe suture between the fingers 901 and the anchor stem 904, therebypreventing suture movement and maintaining adequate suture tension.

In another embodiment a suture wedge lock system has an additionalfunction for locking the anchor under the cortical shelf within acancellous region of bone, such as in the head of the humerus. FIG. 15Ashows a penetrating anchor 1001 and an outer member 1002 with deformablecutouts 1003. The cutouts have holes 1004 to accept a suture or wire1005 shown in FIG. 15B. FIG. 15C shows a wedge-like member 1006 with theability to wedge itself into the outer member 1002 as shown in FIG. 15D.In FIG. 15D the wedge 1006 locks the suture in place against the cutouts1003 and because of the bulbous shape of the lateral edges 1007 of thewedge 1006, the deformable cutouts 1003 move radially outward so thattheir proximal ends 1009 extend beyond the outer wall of the anchor.This locks the suture in position, and also helps secure the anchor tothe bone. When this anchor system is placed below the cortical shell ofa bone and within the cancellous region of the bone, the cutouts 1003engage the cortical shell, preventing the anchor from pulling out of thebone.

FIGS. 16A-11G illustrate a suture anchor having a locking mechanism forsecuring the suture. In this embodiment, the suture anchor has an innermember 1101 with a tapered shaft 1102 having a through hole 1103transverse to the shaft's longitudinal axis. The through hole is sizedto accept a length of suture 1104. The suture may be pre-loaded or itmay be loaded during a surgical procedure using a wire or other means tothread the suture through the hole 1103. In use, the suture 1104 isthreaded through a donut shaped member 1105 that is welded or otherwiseattached to the outer member 1106 of the assembly (removed for clarityin FIG. 16C). When the anchor is placed, the operator will tension thesuture appropriately, and then lock the suture in place by advancing apusher tube against the donut, breaking the weld or other attachment. Asthe pusher tube continues to be advanced, the donut is forced furthertoward the tip of the anchor and the suture becomes locked between thetapered shaft 1102 of the inner member 1101 and the donut 1105. FIG. 16Ashows the anchor system 1100 loaded into a delivery device. FIG. 16Bshows the anchor 1101 with a tapered shaft 1102 and a central hole 1103through which the suture 1104 passes. FIG. 16C shows a donut 1105 beingplaced over the tapered shaft of the anchor. The suture runs between thedonut and the tapered shaft. FIG. 16D shows the outer anchor body 1106placed over the donut and the tapered anchor 1101. Wings 1107 on theouter member 1106 protrude radially outward, and may be forced outwardas the donut 1105 is advanced along the tapered anchor shaft 1103. Thewings may be used to help engage the anchor with the cortical shell ofbone, as described above. The donut 1105 is welded by heat, adhesives orthe like to the outer anchor body 1106.

FIGS. 16E through FIG. 16G show a cross section of the final assemblyand the operation of the delivery instrument. FIG. 16E illustrates across section of the delivery instrument used to place the sutureanchor, often in bone. An external shaft 1108 holds the anchor 1101 anda driver tube 1109 may be advanced against the donut. The suture runsthrough the cutout 1110 (FIG. 16A) on the external shaft 1108. When thesuture is tensioned appropriately, the internal driver tube 1109 willforce donut 1105 distally, breaking the weld as shown in FIG. 16F andcapturing and locking the suture as the donut locks on the shaft asshown in FIG. 16G.

FIGS. 17A-17B illustrate another embodiment of a suture anchor having asuture locking mechanism. FIG. 17A is a perspective view of the sutureanchor and FIG. 17B shows a cross section of the locking mechanism. Inthis embodiment, the locking mechanism uses a floating suture lockingmechanism within the anchor body. The suture 1203, 1204 is threadedthrough the floating locking bar 1202 such that it is activated bypulling one end of the suture to engage the lock. When the other end istensioned, the lock can release providing adjustable tensioningcapabilities. The main body of the anchor 1201 is configured to receivea sliding locking bar 1202. As tension on the suture thread end 1203 isincreased the sliding member is pulled proximally locking the suture inposition. When tension is exerted on thread end 1204 the system remainsfree to move and the suture slides. The floating member 1202 can beconstructed of a different material than the anchor, such as acompressible material like a soft durometer polymer such as silicone orurethane. With a softer, compressible material the suture could becomelocked as the material compresses around it during tensioning. Inaddition, the floating lock could be molded with a variety of surfacefeatures to cause a more secure lock, similar to a cleat found onsailboats.

FIG. 18 illustrates still another embodiment of a suture anchor withlocking mechanism, shown in cross section. In FIG. 18, an outer tube1301 contains a fixed element 1302 with a pair of holes 1305, 1311 andan axially slidable member 1303 with a pair of holes 1307, 1313 thatlock against the fixed member when one end of a suture 1304 istensioned. Because hole 1305 in the fixed element 1302 is radiallyoffset from hole 1307 in sliding member 1303, a portion of suture 1309is trapped between the fixed element and slidable member when suture end1304 is tensioned, locking the suture. If the opposite end of the sutureis pulled, because hole 1311 is axially aligned with hole 1313, thesuture will slide through the slidable member and fixed element withouttrapping the portion of suture 1309 against the fixed element. In someembodiments, the slidable member 1303 may also be positioned on ahelix-like track so that more positive locking occurs as the slidablemember moves axially and rotationally along the tube axis.

FIGS. 19A-19B illustrate another embodiment of a suture anchor having alocking mechanism. Suture anchor 1400 includes a ball 1404 that isaxially movable within a tubular body 1408 and captured by a swaged head1401. Suture 1402, 1403 is wrapped under the ball and the ball 1404allows the suture to move in the direction of suture end 1403, whilelocking the suture when pulled in the direction of suture end 1402. Whensuture end 1402 is pulled, the ball is pulled up against the swaged end1401 trapping the suture between ball 1404 and body 1408 and preventingfurther movement. When the opposite suture end 1403 is pulled, a cutout1406 in the sidewall of body 1408 near swaged end 1401 allows the sutureto be advanced without pinching it between the ball and the swaged endof the anchor, thus the suture may be tensioned. A groove in the ballmay be provided to maintain the suture position relative to the cutout1406.

FIGS. 20A-20B illustrate an alternative embodiment with a core 1500 witha flange 1501 on its proximal end. Core 1500 is positionable in ananchor sleeve 1502 adapted to be driven into bone or tissue. Core 1500may have a friction fit in sleeve 1502 or a locking mechanism may beprovided to retain the core 1500 in sleeve 1502. Additionally, theflanged region 1501 may be used to help drive the anchor 1502 into thebone. Core 1500 and sleeve 1502 may be driven in to bone together, orsleeve 1502 may be driven in first separately. FIG. 20B illustratessecuring the suture to the anchor. The ends of suture 1503 extendthrough a central channel 1504 of the anchor sleeve and then passthrough apertures 1506, 1508 in the sidewall of the anchor sleeve suchthat the suture forms an outer loop around the outer surface of theanchor sleeve 1502. Suture 1503 is locked by being trapped between theproximal end of sleeve 1502 and core 1500 when the core 1500 is presseddistally into central channel 1504. FIG. 20C illustrates an alternativeembodiment of a suture anchor having an inner core 1522, and outeranchor sleeve 1520 and suture 1526 Inner core 1522 has a pointed distaltip 1532 that can penetrate bone and a flanged region 1524 and apertures1534, 1536. Outer sleeve 1520 also has a pointed distal tip 1530 that isadapted to penetrate bone. The inner core 1522 is sized to fit in theouter core 1520. Either the inner core 1522 or the outer sleeve 1520 maybe driven into bone individually or simultaneously. Flange 1524 providesa shoulder which may be used to help drive the outer sleeve 1520 intothe bone. A locking mechanism (e.g. detents, press fit, snap fit, etc.)may be used to lock the inner core 1522 with the outer sleeve 1520. Thesuture 1526 is secured to the inner core 1522 by passing through acentral channel 1528 in the inner core 1522 and then exiting the innercore through apertures 1534, 1536 in the wall of the inner core 1522.The suture 1526 then is partially looped around the outer surface ofinner core 1522. When the inner core 1522 and the outer sleeve 1520 arelocked together, the suture 1526 will be trapped between the flange 1524and the proximal end of the outer sleeve 1520, securing it in position.

Any of the embodiments disclosed herein may also be used for drugdelivery. The suture and/or the suture anchor may be coated with orcarry a therapeutic agent that can be released in a controlled manner.For example, the therapeutic agent may be time released and eluted intothe bone or affected tissue in order to enhance healing. Multiplemedicaments may be impregnated into or coated onto the anchors in asimilar fashion as stents. Examples of coatings that produce asustained-release are those made by SurModics Corporation and Angiotech.Examples of medicaments that could be eluted are anti-inflammatorymedicaments, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), and hyaluronicacid. Stem cells or other bone or cell growth promoters may also be usedin such coatings.

Some of the suture anchors may be fabricated from durable metals such asstainless steel, titanium or nitinol. Alternatively, a variety ofpolymers may be used. It would also be desirable to provide anchors thatbioerode away after some period of time. Thus, any of the embodimentsdisclosed herein may be fabricated from bioerodable polymeric materials.Combinations of durable metals or polymers and bioerodable polymers mayalso be used and similarly bioerodable sutures and durable sutures mayalso be used. In an exemplary embodiment, a bioerodable anchor may beloaded onto a delivery core made from stainless steel or titanium. Theanchor is driven into the bone and then the core is removed, leaving theanchor permanently implanted. The anchor has a suture attached and canbe tensioned using any of the locking mechanisms described herein. Theanchor may be fabricated from polymers such as PEEK or PMMA and polymersthat are well known for bioerosion include PGA, PLGA, and PLA.

FIGS. 21-22, 23A-23B, 24, and 25A-25B schematically illustrate severalexemplary embodiments of instruments for delivering the suture anchorand driving the anchor into tissue such as bone. The anchors deliveredusing such instruments may be any of the embodiments illustrated hereinor other commercially available anchors. FIG. 21 illustrates anembodiment with a low profile right angle driver for driving one or moresuture anchors into bone. The need for a right angle driver occurs whenthe angle of attack for placing an anchor arthoscopically prohibits astraight approach as is often the case with labral repair in the hip. InFIG. 21, an anchor 1601 is held at a perpendicular angle relative to thelongitudinal axis of the delivery instrument 1604. A hammer or striker1602 pivotably connected to the instrument shaft 1604 is used totransfer energy to anchor 1601 from an axially movable impacting member1603 that can be driven manually or by a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinderor other known means. This embodiment may be used to drive a singleanchor or it may be easily adapted to include multiple strikers so thattwo or more anchors may be driven individually or simultaneously intothe bone. In order to reduce profile of the instrument, when drivingmultiple anchors the instrument preferably has a hinge or otherarticulation that allows the two drivers to move closer together foraccess and then spread apart within the body prior to impaction of theanchors. While a 90 degree driver is shown, various other anglestransverse to the longitudinal axis of the delivery instrument 1604 arealso possible.

FIG. 22 illustrates another embodiment of an angled anchor driver. Inthis embodiment the distal end 1704 of the hammer or impacting member1701 is angled to form a wedge that impacts striker 1702, which has thecorresponding angle on its proximal end 1706 to interface with impactingmember 1701. Thus, as impact member 1701 moves axially, it drives thestriker 1702 down at a right angle to impact member 1701 and into anchor1703. In the embodiments of FIGS. 21-22, the instrument is adapted todrive an anchor into bone or other tissue at a 90 degree angle relativeto the longitudinal axis of the delivery instrument. One of skill in theart will of course appreciate that this angle may be varied depending onthe anatomy. Thus in still other embodiments, the distal region of thedelivery instrument may be articulated so that the delivery angle can bevaried. In still other embodiments, interchangeable tips may be usedhaving predetermined angles ranging from 0 degrees to 90 degrees. Stillother embodiments may have actively steerable tips that may becontrolled from the proximal end of the device outside of the patient.

FIGS. 23A-23B illustrate still another embodiment of a deliveryinstrument 1800. FIG. 23A shows a front view of a rotating shaft 1801that is operably coupled with a head 1802. The head is eccentricallyattached to the rotating shaft 1801. Thus, as the shaft 1801 rotates andspins the head 1802, the head contacts a driver 1803 that moves linearlyin a direction transverse to shaft 1801 to impact an anchor 1804. Thedriver may be spring loaded or may simply be forced back after impactingthe anchor to the original position for the next impact from the mass.The instrument 1800 will usually include an outer housing or tubularshaft (removed for clarity) enclosing shaft 1801 and operatively coupledto driver 1803 and anchor 1804.

FIG. 24 schematically illustrates a pneumatically driven impactor. Oneadvantage of this embodiment over conventional pneumatically driventools is that it has much lower vibration as compared with standard airtools. The impactor contains two pistons 1901 and 1902 that move axiallyin opposite directions as air is introduced into the chamber 1903. Thepistons move at equal velocities in opposite directions. Piston 1901drives the anchor 1906 via a driver 1904 while the piston 1902simultaneously impacts the opposite end of the chamber, therebyproviding a counter force to the force required to drive in the anchor.After impact the pistons are pushed by springs (not shown) or vacuumback to the center of the chamber 1903 and the process is repeated.Dampening springs or materials may be placed at one or both ends of thechamber to further decrease excessive or extraneous vibrations. Inaddition, size, weight, or materials of the pistons may be the same ordifferent depending on the amount of vibration that must be eliminated.In preferred embodiments, the pistons are identical, however, differentdriving forces may necessitate different masses as well as differentdampening materials. Pistons of different masses traveling at differentdistances and different speeds may be used to dampen each other as well.Any of these pneumatic embodiments may be operated at differentfrequencies for different applications, e.g., hip labrum repair versusrotator cuff repair in the shoulder. In addition, this dual pistondriver arrangement may be used in the right angle instruments disclosedelsewhere herein.

FIG. 25A illustrates another pressure driven impactor. FIG. 25A is across section of the impactor device 2000, which may be actuated usinghigh pressure gas such as nitrogen. The gas flows through a channel 2001contained within shaft 2002 shown as Pm in FIG. 25A. The pressure inchannel 2001 moves a driver 2003 pivotably coupled to shaft 2002 toimpact the anchor 2004 at an angle transverse to shaft 2002. When driver2003 travels the full distance, it moves past an exhaust orifice 2007and gas is exhausted through Pout. Torsion spring 2005 forces the driver2003 back to the initial position. By varying the dimensions of thedriver, the velocity of the driver can change creating different forceson the anchor. Additional porting and/or use of vacuum can createdifferent frequencies and dampening within the driver chamber whichwould eliminate the need for or enhance the spring function. FIG. 25B isa cross section of an alternative gas pressure-driven embodiment inwhich a linearly movable driver 2008 transverse to shaft 2002 is usedinstead of pivotable driver 2003. A compression spring 2006 is used toreturn the driver 2008 to the original position.

FIGS. 26A-26O illustrate another embodiment of a knotless suture anchordelivery system used to attach tissue to bone, especially useful forreattaching a torn labrum to the acetabulum. FIG. 26A illustrates aperspective view of an anchor delivery system 2100 which includes asuture anchor 2104 having an inner and outer anchor carried in a distalportion of outer shaft 2102.

Still referring to FIG. 26A, the suture may be carried inside the shaftor outside of the shaft and is not illustrated in this view. Outer shaft2102 is sized to fit in an arthroscopic cannula for delivery through aportal into a joint space. Thus, as discussed above with respect to FIG.6, the outer shaft preferably has a diameter of 5.4 mm or less so thatit may easily fit in a typical arthroscopic cannula having an innerdiameter of approximately 5.5 mm. Additionally, the working length ofthe outer shaft 2102 preferably is long enough to extend into atreatment region such as the acetabular socket and is preferably atleast about 16.5 cm (6.5 inches) long. These dimensions may be appliedto any of the delivery instruments disclosed in this specification whenadapted for use in arthroscopic treatment of the hip. The proximalportion of the outer shaft 2102 includes a handle 2106 having anactuator mechanism 2108, 2110 for controlling the delivery system duringvarious stages of anchor deployment.

FIG. 26B illustrates the inner 2122 and outer 2124 suture anchors ingreater detail. Suture S is attached to outer anchor 2124 in a mannerdescribed more fully below. The suture is sized to be large enough tominimize the possibility of pulling through or tearing tissue and smallenough to be secured to the inner and outer suture anchors. The suturethen enters a central channel 2129 in inner anchor 2122 and is wrappedaround a cinching mechanism 2135 and then a free end F exits the inneranchor. The cinching mechanism includes a radially deflectable arm 2134that is integral with the inner suture anchor 2122. The arm 2134 has ahole 2136 to allow the suture to pass through the arm so that the sutureis disposed on either side of the arm. Additional details on the sutureanchor are disclosed below.

FIG. 26C is a cross sectional exploded view of a distal portion of thedelivery instrument 2100 and anchor 2104 illustrating the inner shaft2114, the intermediate shaft 2112 and the outer shaft 2102 of thedelivery system as well as the inner anchor 2122 and the outer anchor2124. The outer anchor 2124 has a tapered distal point 2116 adapted forpenetrating bone. Outer anchor 2124 further includes a central channel2126 for receiving the inner anchor 2122 and an annular recess 2128 actsas a locking mechanism for locking the inner anchor 2122 in the channel2126. Resilient deflectable fingers or arms 2130 extend radially outwardfrom the inner anchor and lock into the annular recess 2128. Otherfeatures such as slot 2132, and bore holes or channels 2120, 2121 aredescribed in greater detail below.

FIG. 26D shows a cross section of the proximal region of the deliverysystem. In FIG. 26D, an inner shaft 2114 and an intermediate shaft 2112are slidably disposed in outer shaft 2102. Handle 2106 includes a distalknob 2108 that is threadably engaged with the handle body 2106 and alsooperably coupled with outer shaft 2102. Thus, rotation of knob 2108relative to the handle body 2106 will either advance or retract outershaft 2102 relative to the inner shaft 2114 and the intermediate shaft2112. Handle 2106 also includes a proximal knob 2110 that is threadablyengaged with the handle body 2106 and also operably coupled with theinner shaft 2114. Rotation of knob 2110 relative to handle body 2106will either advance or retract inner shaft 2114 relative to theintermediate shaft 2112 or the outer shaft 2108. One of skill in the artwill appreciate that motion is relative, therefore either knob may berotated relative to the handle or the handle may be rotated relative toa knob. Moreover, it will also be appreciated that other actuatormechanism known to those skilled in the art may be substituted for therotating knobs, such as slider mechanisms or levers. FIG. 26Eillustrates another cross sectional view of the proximal portion of thedelivery system 2100 highlighting the handle and actuator mechanism. InFIG. 26E, actuation of knob 2110 has retracted the inner shaft 2114relative to the intermediate shaft 2112 and the outer shaft 2102.

FIG. 26F illustrates a perspective view of a distal portion of deliverysystem 2100. Normally, during delivery anchor 2104 is enclosed entirelyor almost entirely within shaft 2102 except with its distal point 2116exposed. Once the delivery instrument has been advanced to a desiredtreatment site, the outer shaft 2102 is retracted, exposing the sutureanchor 2104. The distal end of the anchor includes a tapered or pointedtip 2116 adapted to penetrate tissue such as bone. An elongate slot 2118near the distal end of outer shaft 2102 allows the suture (notillustrated), which is attached to anchor 2104 as described below, toexit the shaft 2102 without tangling. The anchors are deployed in adirection parallel with the longitudinal axis of the deliveryinstrument. In some embodiments, the delivery instrument may beflexible, bendable, angled or articulated or it may be activelysteerable in order to deliver the anchors at angles transverse to thelongitudinal axis of the shaft 2102.

FIG. 26G illustrates a cross section of FIG. 26F and highlights thesuture anchor which includes an outer anchor 2124 and an inner anchor2122 partially disposed in a central channel 2126 of the outer anchor2124. Additionally, the outer anchor 2124 includes a longitudinal borehole 2121 and a transverse bore 2120 in its wall 2123 through which asuture may pass to allow a suture (not shown) to be fastened to theouter anchor. A plug may be used to create an interference fit lockingthe suture into the bore hole, or the suture may be bonded, tied, orotherwise fixed to the outer anchor. In a preferred embodiment, thesuture is knotted at its end creating a ball that is larger than thelongitudinal bore diameter, thereby securing the suture to the anchor.The distal end 2125 of intermediate shaft 2112 engages the outer anchor2124 while the distal end of the inner shaft 2114 has a reduced diametertip 2127 that fits within the central channel of inner anchor 2122.

FIG. 26H illustrates the outer anchor 2124 fully exposed from the outershaft 2102. Once exposed, the outer anchor 2124 may be driven into thebone B or other tissue by exerting force on the handle 2106 or using anyof the techniques previously described. Slot 2132 in intermediate shaft2112 allows the suture (not shown), which is coupled to the inner andouter anchors, to exit the shaft 2112 without tangling or binding withother components. After deployment of outer anchor 2124 the inner anchor2122 remains in shaft 2102, separated from outer anchor 2124 with asuture (not shown) coupled therebetween.

In some embodiments, the delivery instrument and anchors may have acentral channel that extends the entire length of the device. Thiscentral channel is used to accommodate a drill bit or other drillingdevice (e.g. water jet or laser) which can be used to drill a pilot holein the bone and facilitates placement of the anchor into the bone. Thus,the system may further include a drilling system such as a mechanicaldrill, a laser drill, water jet drill or other drilling mechanisms forcreating the pilot hole. In some embodiments, the inner and intermediateshafts of the delivery instrument along with anchor 2104 may be removedand replaced with the drilling system and thus the outer shaft serves asa guide for drilling. Once the pilot hole has been created, keeping theouter shaft in place against the bone, the drill is removed and theinterior shafts and suture anchor are replaced in the outer shaft todeliver the suture anchor into the drilled hole.

In FIG. 26I, once the outer anchor 2124 has been driven into bone B, thesuture S may be looped around target tissue to be captured (e.g. a tornlabrum in the hip or shoulder joint) and the inner anchor advancedrelative to the outer shaft 2102. One end of the suture S is attached tothe outer anchor 2124 and another portion of the suture is coupled withthe inner anchor 2122 (as described below). A free end F may be pulledto adjust the length of suture between the inner and outer anchors, aswell as allowing adjustment of suture tension. The suture may run freelyalongside the outer shaft or in some embodiments the outer shaft mayinclude suture management features on its exterior such as grooves,channels, eyelets, clips or other features which hold the suturetemporarily to keep the suture from tangling or knotting. In still otherembodiments, the suture may remain inside the outer shaft of thedelivery instrument and the suture may be threaded through one or morelumens therein.

FIG. 26J illustrates the inner anchor 2122 fully exposed from the outershaft 2102. In this exemplary embodiment, the inner anchor 2122 has ablunt distal end and is inserted into and locked with outer anchor 2124.However, inner anchor 2122 may also have a tapered or pointed tipsimilar to outer anchor 2124 thereby inner anchor 2122 may be adapted topenetrate tissue such as bone or soft tissue. Thus the inner anchor maybe adapted to be driven directly into bone at a location apart from theouter anchor. Advantageously, in such embodiments, the operator has theoption of either coupling the inner anchor 2122 to the outer anchor 2124or driving the inner anchor into bone at another location prior tocinching the suture to the appropriate level of tension.

FIG. 26K shows the inner anchor 2122 released from the inner shaft 2114,although in use, the inner anchor 2122 would not be detached from theinner shaft 2114 until it is either locked with the outer anchor 2124 ordriven into bone. FIG. 26L is a cross section similar to that of FIG.26C, except the inner, intermediate and outer shafts 2102, 2112, 2114have been shaded for ease of viewing. FIG. 26M shows both the inner 2122and the outer 2124 anchors released from the delivery instrument 2100and the inner anchor 2122 is locked in the central channel of the outeranchor 2124.

Referring back to FIG. 26B, the inner 2122 and outer 2124 suture anchorsare illustrated in greater detail. Suture S is attached to outer anchor2124. The suture then enters a central channel in inner anchor 2122 andis wrapped around the cinching mechanism and then a free end F exits theinner anchor. The cinching mechanism includes a radially deflectable arm2134 that is integral with the inner suture anchor 2122. The arm 2134has a hole 2136 to allow the suture to pass through the arm so that thesuture is disposed on either side of the arm. Additionally, a pluralityof resilient fingers 2130 are disposed circumferentially around theinner anchor and are adapted to snap into the annular recess 2128 inouter anchor 2124 (seen in FIG. 26N) to lock the inner and outer anchorstogether. In some embodiments, the proximal end of the central channel2126 in outer anchor 2124 may be chamfered or have a bevel to facilitatereceipt of the inner anchor. The outer diameter of the outer sutureanchor is preferably less than 4 mm, more preferably less than about 3.5mm so that it is not excessively large as compared to the area typicallyavailable on the acetabular rim. Of course, other diameters may also beused depending on where the anchor is to be placed. Additionally, thelength of the outer anchor is also sized so that it will not penetratethrough the acetabular rim into the articular surface of the joint,preferably being at least about 5 mm and no more than about 14 mm. Thecentral channel is sized to receive the inner anchor, which may be about1-3 mm in diameter in exemplary embodiments. These dimensions areextremely small and difficult to machine thus it is only recently withthe advent of laser cutting and electrical discharge machining (EDM) aswell as the construction of each of the inner and outer anchors as asingle integral structure that such small components could be reliablymanufactured to acceptable engineering tolerances. Moreover, such smallscale components have not traditionally been used due to the risk offailure in service, but is now possible due to better biocompatibleengineering materials and improved manufacturing capabilities.

Outer anchor 2124 optionally may also have outer surface features thathelp secure it to tissue such as bone. For example, anchor 2124 may havewings similar to cutouts 1003 in FIGS. 15A-15D or similar to theresilient deflectable arms 2130 on the inner anchor, which help securethe anchor when placed below the cortical shell of bone. The wingsdeflect radially inward as the anchor is being placed into bone, andthen the wings have sufficient resilience to radially expand outwardonce the anchor is positioned. In alternative embodiments, the wings maybe forced radially outward by engagement with the inner anchor as theinner anchor is inserted into the outer anchor. In still otherembodiments, ribs, barbs, bumps, ridges, grooves, channels or othersurface features may also be machined or added to the outer surface tohelp mechanically secure the anchor to bone or to promote tissueingrowth. The outer anchor is capable of resisting a pullout force atleast as large as the force required to tear tissue such as the labrum.In preferred embodiments, the outer anchor pullout force has a safetymargin and thus it can resist a pullout force at least 1.5 times greaterthan the force required to tear tissue such as the labrum. In exemplaryembodiments the pull out force of the anchor is about 20-80 lbs.

FIG. 26N is a cross section of FIG. 26B showing how the cinchingmechanism works. The suture S may be any commercially available sutureof suitable size and strength, either braided or not, and may be free ofknots, or other features to interact with arm 2134 and be effectivelyclamped thereby. In FIG. 26N, suture is attached to outer anchor 2124 bydisposing the suture in bore holes 2121 and 2120. The suture may then betied, bonded, plugged or otherwise attached to the outer anchor withintransverse hole 2120. The suture extends into the central channel 2129in inner anchor 2122 and around the distal end 2131 of deflectable arm2134, through aperture 2136 and the free end F exits the inner anchor.An aperture 2140 in the sidewall of inner anchor 2122 creates an edge2142 in the sidewall, the suture is pinched between arm 2134 and theedge 2142 on the inner wall of the inner anchor. In some embodiments,the distal end of arm 2134 may have a groove, a curved tip or a forkedtip to help keep the suture centered on the arm 2134. In embodimentshaving this feature, the aperture 2140 will be fabricated to have acomplementary shape to maintain a sharp edge for pinching the sutureagainst the grooved, curved or forked region of the arm 2134.

Thus, once both anchors have been secured and the target tissue capturedby the suture, the free end F may be pulled through the cinchingmechanism. As the free end F of the suture is pulled, the arm 2134deflects outward (toward the sidewall of channel 2129 to which arm 2134is attached), allowing the suture to pass through the cinching mechanismwithout being constrained. On the other hand, when the suture is pulledin the opposite direction, the suture will deflect arm 2134 radiallytoward the opposite sidewall of channel 2129, pinching the suturebetween the distal end 2131 of arm 2134 and the inner wall of the inneranchor, locking the suture in tension between the inner and outeranchors. Thus, the cinching mechanism allows the suture to move throughthe inner anchor in one direction without slipping in the oppositedirection. Advantageously, the suture is locked without need for theoperator to manually actuate a locking mechanism on the anchor. Thecinching mechanism is capable of holding the suture and resisting apullout force at least as large as the force required to tear tissuesuch as the labrum. In preferred embodiments, the cinching mechanism hasa safety margin built into it and thus it can resist a suture pulloutforce at least 1.5 times greater than the force required to tear tissuesuch as the labrum. In exemplary embodiments, the cinching mechanism2135 in the inner anchor is preferably capable of withstanding tensionof 20-80 lbs on the suture S without allowing the suture to slip.

It should be noted that the cinching mechanism may alternatively beprovided on the outer anchor 2124 with the suture being fixed to theinner anchor 2122, or cinching mechanisms may be provided on bothanchors. For example, a cinching mechanism like that described above maybe provided in channel 2121 of outer anchor 2124.

The delivery system 2100 may be used to secure torn tissue to a bone.For example, in FIG. 26O, a torn labrum L is reattached to the glenoidor acetabular rim in a shoulder or hip joint Inner and outer sutureanchors 2122, 2124 are driven into the bone B and suture coupled withthe anchors captures the torn labrum L. This helps to ensure that themating bone BA (e.g. femoral or humeral head) will not disengage fromthe socket during movement of the joint.

FIGS. 27A-27D illustrate another embodiment of an anchor deliverysystem. The anchor of this embodiment is similar to the previousembodiment, except that the inner anchor and the outer anchor are heldside by side in the same or separate channels in the deliveryinstrument, whereas in the previous embodiment the two anchors are heldend to end. In FIG. 27A, an outer shaft 2202 houses an outer sutureanchor 2204 in a main channel 2214, an inner suture anchor 2210 and alength of suture 2208 in a side channel 2216. The suture 2208 is coupledwith both inner and outer anchors. The outer anchor 2204 is held nearthe distal end of the main channel 2214 and a first driving mandrel 2206can be used to drive the outer anchor 2204 into the bone B. The drivingmandrel may be actuated using any of the techniques disclosed herein,including direct mechanical impaction, or by pneumatic, hydraulic,ultrasonic or other means. Once the outer anchor has been driven intothe bone, the first driving mandrel 2206 is retracted as illustrated inFIG. 27B. A flexible second driving mandrel 2212 is then advanced eitheractively or by a spring in order to move the inner suture anchor 2210distally into the main channel 2214. A curved portion near the distalend of the side channel moves the inner suture anchor 2210 into the mainchannel 2214. Target tissue such as a torn labrum L may be captured bylooping the suture 2208 around the tissue as seen in FIG. 27C. FIG. 27Dshows that the inner suture anchor 2210 is then driven by the seconddriving mandrel 2212 into the first suture anchor 2204 where the twoanchors lock together using a locking mechanism similar to thatpreviously described, or using detent mechanisms or other lockingmechanisms known in the art. The free end F of the suture is then pulledin order to tension the suture so that that the torn tissue properlyengages the bone. This allows the torn tissue to heal and reattach tothe bone. Any of the clamping, locking or cinching mechanisms describedabove may be used to tension the suture in this embodiment.

FIGS. 28A-28C illustrate another embodiment of a suture anchor deliverysystem. This embodiment uses jaws to help capture the damaged tissue andalso to help insert an inner suture anchor into an outer suture anchor.In FIG. 28A, the delivery instrument 2302 includes an arm 2304 that ispivotably connected with the main shaft 2303 of the delivery instrument,thereby forming a jaw. The arm 2304 holds the inner suture anchor 2308and the main shaft holds the outer anchor 2306 such that the inneranchor 2306 is aligned with aperture 2309 in the sidewall of outeranchor 2306 thereby being moved transverse to the longitudinal axis ofouter anchor 2306. A suture S is coupled to both anchors. In FIG. 28A,the delivery instrument is advanced to the treatment site and the jawcaptures the damaged tissue, here a torn labrum L. The suture isdisposed between the torn tissue and the jaw. Once the damaged tissue iscaptured, the outer anchor 2306 may be driven into the bone, here therim of the acetabulum A in a hip joint. Then the inner anchor 2308 isdriven through a lateral wall of the bone A into the receiving aperture2309 in the outer anchor where the two anchors lock together as shown inFIG. 28B. The tension in the suture is then adjusted using any of thecinching mechanisms described above. In alternative embodiments, theinner anchor 2308 is snapped and locked into a receiving aperture of theouter anchor 2306 first, then the combined anchor is driven into theacetabular rim A as shown in FIG. 28C. The suture is then tensioned asbefore. In both embodiments, both the inner and outer suture anchors aredriven into the bone or into one another so that they are flush with theouter surface of the bone.

FIGS. 29A-29B illustrate an embodiment similar to the previousembodiment with the major difference being that the inner anchor isinserted substantially parallel into the outer anchor, unlike theprevious embodiment where insertion of the inner anchor is transverse tothe outer anchor. In FIG. 29A, a delivery instrument 2402 has a mainshaft and an arm 2404 pivotably coupled to the main shaft, forming ajaw. The arm 2404 carries the inner anchor 2408 and the main shaftcarries the outer anchor 2410. The instrument is advanced to thetreatment site and the tissue to be repaired, here labral tissue L, iscaptured within the jaw. Suture is coupled to both anchors and isdisposed between the labrum L and the jaw. The inner anchor 2408 iscoupled to the outer anchor 2410 by moving jaw 2404. Then the combinedinner and outer anchors are driven into the bone using a separate driver2406 inserted through a separate portion in a direction substantiallyparallel to the longitudinal axis of the anchors. In FIG. 29B, thesuture is tensioned using any of the cinching mechanisms describedabove, thereby apposing the labrum with the acetabular rim A. FIG. 29Cshows that in some embodiments, either the jaw or the main shaft may beforked in order to hold the inner 2408 or the outer 2410 anchor whileallowing the anchor to be easily slipped off after placement.Alternatively, either arm of the jaw may have a gripping feature thatfrictionally engages either the inner diameter or the outer diameter ofthe anchor. For example, in FIG. 29D a central post 2412 holds theanchor, while in FIG. 29E, a tube 2414 grasps the outer surface of ananchor.

The embodiments disclosed above may easily be modified in order toaccommodate more than one suture and/or more than one anchor. Forexample, in FIG. 30, an outer suture anchor 2502 has two channels 2504that are sized to receive two inner anchors 2506. Thus, in thisembodiment, two sutures S, each having a free end F, may be anchored toa single outer anchor. The same anchor may also be used for three, four,five, six, or more sutures. The inner anchors may be configured muchlike those described above with suture cinching or locking mechanisms.

The suture anchors may be driven directly into bone or in somesituations, it may be desirable to drill a pilot hole to help receivethe anchor. For example, in FIG. 31, the central channel 2604 in theouter anchor 2602 that receives the inner anchor may extend all the waythrough the outer anchor. Thus, the central channel may also allow apilot hole drill 2606 to pass through the outer anchor and drill a pilothole P in the bone. The pilot hole allows the outer anchor to moreeasily be driven into the bone. As described above, the pilot hole drillmay be a mechanical drill, laser, or water jet, and may be adapted forplacement through the instrument that delivers the anchor.

FIGS. 32A-32C illustrate another embodiment of a suture anchor systemthat may be used to help reattach a torn labrum to the acetabular orglenoid rim. In FIG. 32A, the anchor system includes a first pin 2702 orscrew, adapted for penetrating tissue and anchoring in bone, and anL-shaped flexible anchor bracket 2704 having a curvature that conformsto the anatomy of the acetabular rim and also to a torn labrum. A sutureS is coupled to both the pin 2702 and the bracket 2704. The bracket hasa slit 2706 sized to receive the suture preferably with an enlargedopening 2705 at its inner closed end. FIG. 32B illustrates the back endof the bracket 2704 which has an anchoring pin 2708 or screw forattachment to bone or other tissue. FIG. 32C illustrates use of thesystem where the bracket 2704 is fixed to the acetabular or glenoid rimA and extends around an edge of the torn tissue, here the labrum L.After attachment of bracket 2704 to rim A, the suture S is wrapped underthe torn tissue capturing it in a loop and the suture is then insertedinto the slit 2706 closing the suture loop. The pin 2702 is thenattached to the bone, here the actetabular rim A of a hip joint having asurface of cartilage. Pin 2702 or bracket 2704 may include any of thecinching mechanisms described above such that the suture may betensioned and locked. The bracket helps support the torn tissue and alsohelps to prevent it from everting. Any part of the system may includetherapeutic agents to help the labrum reattach to the bone and also thesurface of the bracket may be coated or modified to encourage tissueingrowth. Bracket 2704 is preferably a porous flexible material such asDacron mesh, PTFE or other polymer to encourage ingrowth of tissue buthaving sufficient rigidity and resilience to support the labrum andallow some movement thereof. In some embodiments, the bracket may bereinforced with wires, fibers or other materials to give it additionalstrength or shape. In addition, bracket 2704 or anchoring pin 2708 maybe adapted to couple with first pin 2702 in a coupling mechanism similarto those described above.

FIG. 33 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a suture anchor systemused to reattach torn tissue to a bone. In FIG. 33, a generally flatbracket 3302 is used to join the torn labrum L to the acetabular rim Ahaving a cartilage surface C. Pins or screws 3304 are used to secure oneend of the bracket 3302 to the bone and the other end of the bracket tothe labrum L. A suture 3306 may be coupled to the pins 3304 and used toadjust tension thereby approximating the torn labrum L with the rim A.The pins may be sharp pins or any of the anchor embodiments disclosedabove. Alternatively, in place of pin 3304, a suture may be attached tobracket 3302 with a pin or other coupling member on its free end adaptedfor coupling back to bracket 3302 or to pin 3304, or for driving intobone. In alternative embodiments, the bracket may be designed to cliponto the labrum and/or the acetabular rim and therefore one or both pinsmay be optional. The bracket generally has similar properties asdescribed above with respect to bracket 2704, and any of the cinchingmechanisms disclosed herein may be incorporated into one or both pins inorder to tension the suture.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodimentsof the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalentsmay be used. The various features of the embodiments disclosed hereinmay be combined or substituted with one another. Therefore, the abovedescription should not be taken as limiting in scope of the inventionwhich is defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of knotless suturing comprising:providing a delivery instrument carrying a first anchor and a secondanchor, wherein a continuous length of suture is coupled directly withthe first anchor and directly with the second anchor; advancing thedelivery instrument to a treatment region comprising treatment tissue;placing the first anchor into a first region of the tissue; coupling thesuture to a portion of the treatment tissue; attaching the second anchorto the first anchor; tensioning the suture; and securing the suturewithout knotting the suture by moving the suture through a cinchingmechanism in the first or the second anchor, wherein the cinchingmechanism is adapted to allow the suture to move through the cinchingmechanism in a first direction while movement of the suture through thecinching mechanism in a second direction opposite the first direction isconstrained independently of the position of the second anchor relativeto the first anchor.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second anchoris stationary relative to the first anchor during the entire step ofsecuring the suture.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tissuecomprises bone and placing the first anchor comprises drilling a pilothole into the bone, the pilot hole sized to receive the first or thesecond anchor.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising deflecting adistal portion of the delivery instrument.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the first region of tissue comprises the acetabulum and thetreatment tissue comprises an acetabular labrum.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein attaching the second anchor to the first anchor comprisesinserting the second anchor into a central channel of the first anchorand locking the two anchors together to prevent axial movement of thefirst anchor relative to the second anchor.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the delivery instrument further comprises an actuator mechanismnear a proximal end of the instrument and placing the first anchorcomprises actuating the actuator mechanism to expose the first or thesecond anchor from the delivery instrument.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein securing comprises clamping the suture between a deflectable armand an inner wall of the first or the second anchor.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the arm is integral with either the first or the secondanchor.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein attaching comprises placingthe second anchor in a central channel within the first anchor.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the cinching mechanism is disposed in aninner channel of the second anchor.
 12. The method of claim 1, whereinthe delivery instrument has a longitudinal axis, and wherein placing thefirst anchor comprises placing the first anchor into the first region atan angle transverse to the longitudinal axis of the delivery instrument.13. The method of claim 1, wherein attaching the second anchor to thefirst anchor comprises actuating a jaw disposed on the deliveryinstrument.